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the current crown prince, mohammed bin salman, has a strong interest in the saudi political system and would like to make changes. he has been consolidating power in the royal family and saudi society. he has been pushing for political change since his first term as crown prince, in 2015, when he began to assert his authority and became more outspoken on social and economic issues.

the saudi government has long had a problem with the lack of space in saudi arabia for the expression of religious views, be they moderate or radical. but the popular protests of 2011-2013 were a watershed moment. the kingdom, under king abdullah, had significantly relaxed its social restrictions, allowing the establishment of the first private mosques in 2012 and allowing the establishment of private schools in 2013. the government also began to allow public servants to take a sabbath day, which is still formally illegal, as well as to allow women to drive cars. this article gives more context to those changes.

but that is where the similarities end. the price for that relaxation was the regime gaining far more control of public expression through the establishment of an islamic discourse centering on the two holy mosques in mecca and medina, which, among other things, set the tone for the official notion of saudi islam. the government promoted a view of islam that is not only moderate but also recognizes a certain amount of freedom of action for citizens. the new discourse of saudi islam won over large parts of the population and sparked protests against the conservative discourse, which was ultimately crushed. so the regime not only garnered the support of the public at large but also achieved a broader public acceptance of the discourse of the state. 84d34552a1