radar_engineering_by_g_s_n_raju_from_30hll v1.0.0

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the gain of the radar receiver depends on the gain of the amplifier, the relative velocity between the transmitting and receiving antennas, the output power of the transmitter and many other factors, including the range of the target relative to the radar. as the velocity of the target increases, the gain of the receiver also increases. if the range of the target is very large relative to the radar, the gain of the receiver will be very high. the reflectivity of the target and the loss of the antenna and other components will also affect the gain of the receiver. the antenna will have a directivity pattern that depends on its shape and its orientation relative to the target. a beam that is pointed straight at the target will produce the highest gain. an antenna can also be used to increase or decrease the gain of the radar. for example, an antenna can be pointed toward the ground to reduce the gain of the radar so that it will not detect targets close to the radar.

the main goal of a radar is to detect and track a moving target. the radar uses the doppler effect to track moving objects. the radar transmits pulses in the form of electromagnetic waves, which are reflected by the target. the doppler effect is the change in frequency of the reflected wave due to the relative motion of the target. this relative motion is the speed of the target relative to the radar. the frequency of the reflected wave is measured. the distance between the radar and the target is determined from the frequency shift.

radar systems are used to detect the incoming wind speed and direction and thereby to locate the windward and leeward sides, wind direction, rise and fall, and other useful information. the wind data from anechoic radars is a complex mixture of the reflected and transmitted signals from the transducer. the receiver will measure both the direct and reflected paths, and any change in the reflected path during the time interval will cause a shift in the recorded frequency. the reflected signals from the transducer path are usually called backscatter signals. the specific frequency shift is a measure of wind speed and may be determined by estimating the frequency spectrum of the received signal. the term is often used as a shorthand for a specific measurement of the frequency spectrum which may be determined from the backscatter signal, using either a spectrum analyzer or an equivalent time domain method. the time domain method is called the time-frequency domain method. the time-frequency domain method is based on the fourier transform, whereas the spectrum analyzer method directly computes the spectrum. 84d34552a1